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The eurocodes are the ten European standards (EN; harmonised technical rules) specifying. A means to prove compliance with the requirements for mechanical strength and stability and safety in case of fire established by European. BS 8110: British concrete design standard, replaced by Eurocode 2 in March, 2010. Jul 04, 2017 A BS EN is the British adoption of a European (EN) standard. As a member of CEN (which is separate from the European Union), BSI is obligated to withdraw conflicting national standards. A conflicting standard is defined as one with the same scope.
In the eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode: Basis of structural design (informally Eurocode 0; abbreviated EN 1990 or, informally, EC 0) establishes the basis that sets out the way to use Eurocodes for structural design. Eurocode 0 establishes Principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, describes the basis for their design and verification and gives guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability. Eurocode 0 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991 to EN 1999 for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical aspects, structural fire design, situations involving earthquakes, execution and temporary structures.
Eurocode 0 is also applicable:
- for the design of structures where other materials or other actions outside the scope of EN 1991 to EN 1999 are involved,
- for the structural appraisal of existing construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations or in assessing change of use.
Eurocode 0 may be used, when relevant, as a guidance document for the design of structures outside the scope of the EN Eurocodes EN 1991 to EN 1999, for:
- assessing other actions and their combinations;
- modelling material and structural behaviour;
- assessing numerical values of the reliability format.
Annex A2 of EN 1990 gives rules and methods for establishing combinations of actions for serviceability and ultimate limit state verifications (except fatigue verifications) with the recommended design values of permanent, variable and accidental actions and ψ factors to be used in the design of road bridges, footbridges and railway bridges. It also applies to actions during execution. Methods and rules for verifications relating to some material-independent serviceability limit states are also given.
The current latest version of the British Standard is EN 1990:2002+A1:2005, incorporating corrigendum December 2008. It supersedes DD ENV 1991-1:1996 which is withdrawn.
Normative References[edit]
The Eurocodes were published as European Prestandards. The following European Standards which are published or in preparation are cited in normative clauses:
- EN 1991 Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures
- EN 1992 Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures
- EN 1993 Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
- EN 1994 Eurocode 4 : Design of composite steel and concrete structures
- EN 1995 Eurocode 5 : Design of timber structures
- EN 1996 Eurocode 6 : Design of masonry structures
- EN 1997 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design
- EN 1998 Eurocode 8 : Design of structures for earthquake resistance
- EN 1999 Eurocode 9 : Design of aluminium structures
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurocode:_Basis_of_structural_design&oldid=862485558'
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7: Geotechnics | 8: Earthquake |
The eurocodes are the ten European standards (EN; harmonised technical rules) specifying how structural design should be conducted within the European Union (EU). These were developed by the European Committee for Standardisation upon the request of the European Commission.[1]
The purpose of the eurocodes is to provide:[1]
- a means to prove compliance with the requirements for mechanical strength and stability and safety in case of fire established by European Union law.[2]
- a basis for construction and engineering contract specifications.
- a framework for creating harmonized technical specifications for building products (CE mark).
By March 2010 the Eurocodes are mandatory for the specification of European public works and are intended to become the de facto standard for the private sector. The Eurocodes therefore replace the existing national building codes published by national standard bodies (e.g. BS 5950), although many countries had a period of co-existence. Additionally, each country is expected to issue a National Annex to the Eurocodes which will need referencing for a particular country (e.g. The UK National Annex). At present take up of Eurocodes is slow on private sector projects and existing national codes are still widely used by engineers.
- 3See also
History[edit]
In 1975, the Commission of the European Community (presently the European Commission), decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was to eliminate technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technicalrules for the design of construction works which, in a first would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the member states of the European Union (EU) and, ultimately, would replace them. For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a steering committee with representatives of the member states, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s.
In 1989, the Commission and the member states of the EU and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) decided, on the basis of an agreement between the Commission and to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) through a series of mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council's Directives and/or Commission's Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 on the marketing of construction products and Directive 2014/24/EU on government procurement in the European Union).
List[edit]
Eurocodes 1 – 9 are organised thematically, here illustrated downwards from left to right: 1: snow load, 2: concrete bridge, 3: steel bridge, 4: composite, 5: timber house, 6: masonry, 7: sheet pile wall, 8: earthquake and 9: aluminium structure.
The eurocodes are published as a separate European Standards, each having a number of parts. By 2002, ten sections have been developed and published:
- Eurocode: Basis of structural design(EN 1990)
- Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings(EN 1991-1-1)
- Part 1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire(EN 1991-1-2)
- Part 1-3: General actions - Snow loads(EN 1991-1-3)
- Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions(EN 1991-1-4)
- Part 1-5: General actions - Thermal actions(EN 1991-1-5)
- Part 1-6: General actions - Actions during execution(EN 1991-1-6)
- Part 1-7: General actions - Accidental Actions(EN 1991-1-7)
- Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges(EN 1991-2)
- Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery(EN 1991-3)
- Part 4 : Silos and tanks(EN 1991-4)
- Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures(EN 1992)
- Part 1-1: General rules, and rules for buildings(EN 1992-1-1)
- Part 1-2: Structural fire design(EN 1992-1-2)
- Part 1-3: Precast Concrete Elements and Structures(EN 1992-1-3)
- Part 1-4: Lightweight aggregate concrete with closed structure(EN 1992-1-4)
- Part 1-5: Structures with unbonded and external prestressing tendons(EN 1992-1-5)
- Part 1-6: Plain concrete structures(EN 1992-1-6)
- Part 2: Reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges(EN 1992-2)
- Part 3: Liquid retaining and containing structures(EN 1992-3)
- Part 4: Design of fastenings for use in concrete(EN 1992-4)
- Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures(EN 1993)
- Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings(EN 1993-1-1)
- Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design(EN 1993-1-2)
- Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting(EN 1993-1-3)
- Part 1-4: General rules - Supplementary rules for stainless steels(EN 1993-1-4)
- Part 1-5: Plated structural elements(EN 1993-1-5)
- Part 1-6: Strength and Stability of Shell Structures(EN 1993-1-6)
- Part 1-7: General Rules - Supplementary rules for planar plated structural elements with out of plane loading(EN 1993-1-7)
- Part 1-8: Design of joints(EN 1993-1-8)
- Part 1-9: Fatigue(EN 1993-1-9)
- Part 1-10: Material Toughness and through-thickness properties(EN 1993-1-10)
- Part 1-11: Design of Structures with tension components(EN 1993-1-11)
- Part 1-12: High Strength steels(EN 1993-1-12)
- Part 2: Steel Bridges(EN 1993-2)
- Part 3-1: Towers, masts and chimneys(EN 1993-3-1)
- Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys - Chimneys(EN 1993-3-2)
- Part 4-1: Silos(EN 1993-4-1)
- Part 4-2: Tanks(EN 1993-4-2)
- Part 4-3: Pipelines(EN 1993-4-3)
- Part 5: Piling(EN 1993-5)
- Part 6: Crane supporting structures(EN 1993-6)
- Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures(EN 1994)
- Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings(EN 1994-1-1)
- Part 1-2: Structural fire design(EN 1994-1-2)
- Part 2: General rules and rules for bridges(EN 1994-2)
- Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures(EN 1995)
- Part 1-1: General – Common rules and rules for buildings(EN 1995-1-1)
- Part 1-2: General – Structural fire design(EN 1995-1-2)
- Part 2: Bridges(EN 1995-2)
- Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures(EN 1996)
- Part 1-1: General – Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures(EN 1996-1-1)
- Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design(EN 1996-1-2)
- Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonry(EN 1996-2)
- Part 3: Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structures(EN 1996-3)
- Part 1: General rules(EN 1997-1)
- Part 2: Ground investigation and testing(EN 1997-2)
- Part 3: Design assisted by field testing(EN 1997-3)
- Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance(EN 1998)
- Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings(EN 1998-1)
- Part 2: Bridges(EN 1998-2)
- Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings(EN 1998-3)
- Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines(EN 1998-4)
- Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects(EN 1998-5)
- Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneys(EN 1998-6)
- Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures(EN 1999)
- Part 1-1: General structural rules(EN 1999-1-1)
- Part 1-2: Structural fire design(EN 1999-1-2)
- Part 1-3: Structures susceptible to fatigue(EN 1999-1-3)
- Part 1-4: Cold-formed structural sheeting(EN 1999-1-4)
- Part 1-5: Shell structures(EN 1999-1-5)
Each of the codes (except EN 1990) is divided into a number of Parts covering specific aspects of the subject. In total there are 58 EN Eurocode parts distributed in the ten Eurocodes (EN 1990 – 1999).
All of the EN Eurocodes relating to materials have a Part 1-1 which covers the design of buildings and other civil engineering structures and a Part 1-2 for fire design. The codes for concrete, steel, composite steel and concrete, and timber structures and earthquake resistance have a Part 2 covering design of bridges. These Parts 2 should be used in combination with the appropriate general Parts (Parts 1).
See also[edit]
- Limit state design (Load and Resistance Factor Design)
![Eurocode Eurocode](/uploads/1/2/5/5/125513690/899112018.jpg)
Previous national standards[edit]
- BS 5950: British steel design standard, replaced by Eurocode 3 in March, 2010.
- BS 8110: British concrete design standard, replaced by Eurocode 2 in March, 2010.
References[edit]
- ^ abEN 1990:2002 E, Eurocode - Basis of Structural Design, CEN, November 29, 2001
- ^European Council Directive 89/106/EEC
External links[edit]
- Eurocodes: Building the Future - European Commission
- Eurocodes available in PDF and HTML format, without national annexes
- 'National Annexes & Eurocodes'[permanent dead link], European standards institutes and links to download national annexes.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurocodes&oldid=914116067'
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